According to impact.com’s “Global State of Affiliate Marketing 2025” report, most brands (44%) prefer paying publishers on a cost per sale (CPS) model, while only 35% of publishers prefer this model. However, payment methods and commission rates don’t matter if publishers are promoting products that don’t align with their audience’s needs.
A 20% commission on a fashion brand your audience doesn’t resonate with will underperform a 15% commission on one they love. The most successful fashion publishers understand that authenticity and audience trust are currencies far more valuable than a high commission rate. Promoting fashion affiliate programs you genuinely love, and not simply going after commission rates, naturally leads to better engagement and higher conversions.
This guide provides a three-step framework to help you strategically select fashion affiliate programs that build trust, align with your audience, and maximize your long-term earnings.
Highest-paying fashion affiliate program highlights
| Brand | Category | CPA | Cookie duration |
| AlphaStyle | Streetwear | 10% for online sales | 30 days |
| Magda Butrym | Womenswear | 10% | 30 days |
| Margovil | Sustainable, season-less womenswear | 15% | 30 days |
| CTG Eyewear by Keralink | Standard eyewear | 25% online sale | 30 days |
| Zenni Optical | Active and standard eyewear | 20% | 30 days |
| ROKA | Active and standard eyewear | 15% for creator program and 5% for performance program | 30 days |
| Topologie Limited | Bags and accessories | 20% | 30 days |
| Wolff Studios | Travel bags and accessories | 15% | 30 days |
| Birdies | Women’s footwear | 10–15% | 30 days |
| Mephisto USA | Women, men, and kids footwear | 10% | 30 days |
| Jewelhalo | Women’s jewelry | 20% | 30 days |
| Bonheur Jewelry | Women’s vintage jewelry | 20% | 30 days |
| Fabletics | Active wear | 17% on the first transaction of a new VIP | 15 days |
| Baleaf | Active wear | 15–22% | 30 days |
| WISKII | Glam active wear | 15% | 30 days |
How to pick high-quality fashion affiliate programs: 3 easy steps for publishers and creators
Choosing the right products for your brand can feel like a minefield. For successful partnerships, creators and publishers should use a structured evaluation system. This three-step framework helps you assess opportunities in detail to match your goals.
Step 1: Pulse check: Who is your audience?
The products you choose should cater to your specific audience’s needs and interests. A misalignment here could lead you to create irrelevant content that doesn’t quite land. As a result, your followers could move on to other content (and products).
Before partnering with a brand, you need to think beyond basic demographics and understand the psychology of your readers and followers. Are they Gen Z trendsetters who live on TikTok, minimalist professionals who value cost-per-wear, or aspirational luxury buyers?
How to execute this step:
- Dive into your analytics: Use tools like Google Analytics, Instagram Insights, or TikTok Analytics to look at the age, location, and active hours of your audience.
- Analyze your top-performing content: Assess which of your past posts generated the most shares and comments. For example, if a post about “capsule wardrobes for work” went viral, your audience likely values practicality and longevity over fleeting micro-trends.
- Create audience personas: Give your typical follower a name, budget, and shopping habits. For example, a Gen Z audience will appreciate a partnership with a lesser-known, trendy brand that’s currently going viral. On the other hand, a luxury buyer needs to see detailed validation for a high-investment piece.
Step 2: Pinpoint your audience’s aesthetic and style aspirations
Identify your audience’s style (e.g., streetwear, high-end fashion, classic). It’s essential to understand the lifestyle your audience aspires to have in order to produce authentic content they’ll be drawn to.
How to execute this step:
- Audit their values: Does the brand’s ethos—sustainability, ethical manufacturing, or size inclusivity—resonate with your audience? Modern consumers, particularly Millennials and Gen Z, often have a values-first shopping mindset.
- Visualize the integration: See if you can organically feature the brand in your regular content buckets, like a “Get Ready With Me” video, a seasonal lookbook, or an airport outfit roundup. If the product feels forced into your feed, your audience will notice.
- Engage in social listening: Pay attention to the questions in your DMs and comments. Are they asking “Where did you get those boots?” or “How do I style a midi skirt for winter?” Use Instagram Story polls or Q&A boxes to directly ask them what brands they currently love or what wardrobe gaps they’re trying to fill.
Step 3: Master commissions and cookie duration while sticking to your values
Maximizing your affiliate revenue requires a strategic understanding of how commission rates and cookie windows impact your bottom line. However, balancing these technical details with authentic, value-driven brand partnerships is what ensures long-term success and trust with your audience.
How to execute this step:
Understand the “cookie” strategy: The cookie duration dictates how long you have to earn a commission after someone clicks your link. Many shoppers are impulsive, particularly with lower-end items, so a short cookie window of 7-15 days can work here. However, higher-ticket items like luxury bags or fine jewelry would work best on a 30-60 cookie window to give shoppers more time to make that final decision.
Test the product yourself: Never promote a brand you haven’t touched, worn, or styled yourself. Request samples to test quality, sizing, and the shipping experience before introducing it to your audience.
Look beyond the baseline rate: Your audience doesn’t see your commission rate—they see your recommendation. That’s why a 20% program they don’t trust converts worse than a 15% one they love. Building trust with authenticity remains your greatest asset for audience engagement. Also, commission rates aren’t always set in stone. Start with a brand that aligns with your values, even if the starting rate is average. Once you prove that you can drive consistent, high-converting traffic, you can negotiate higher private commission rates or exclusive discount codes for your followers.
General apparel fashion affiliate programs offering up to 15%
Whether your audience craves artisanal luxury, season-less wardrobe staples, or culturally rich streetwear, the general apparel industry offers a brand for every aesthetic. Finding the best partner comes down to evaluating if your followers prioritize exclusive designer craftsmanship, practical direct-to-consumer value, or bold urban expression. In this category, prioritizing authenticity and building trust with followers/readers is key—meaning your choice of brand must reflect the deep values your audience lives by. For instance, streetwear label AlphaStyle won’t suit a high-end audience, whereas Magda Butrym is a better fit for elite shoppers.
1. AlphaStyle
Contemporary streetwear label AlphaStyle lets people express their personal journey through garments that combine London luxury and Hong Kong street culture. Instead of just focusing on fleeting aesthetics, every piece is designed to nurture the global community, transforming everyday streetwear into an actionable statement of unity and environmental responsibility. The clothing and accessories emphasize personal expression, blending diverse influences to craft designs that resonate with a modern audience.
The brand’s three core initiatives are United Society (global togetherness), AlphaCare (supporting young creative talent), and My Rules (an upcycling program).
Pros
- Promote to audiences that care about sustainability and fostering a global community.
- Emphasizes the unique expression of personal style and crafts designs that resonate with a modern audience.
- Appeal to younger consumers with the brand’s AlphaCare campaign.
What audience this brand is for
- Fashion-forward urban youth who care about social responsibility.
Program details
- Product type: Streetwear
- Commission rate: 10% for online sales
- Cookie duration: 30 days
2. Magda Butrym
Polish luxury outlet Magda Butrym offers sophisticated womenswear with unique details and craftsmanship. The brand achieves its signature romanticism by partnering directly with independent artisans across Poland. The top-tier fabrics with bespoke touches like intricately plaited leather and hand-embroidered ornaments make it ideal for shoppers looking for an understated “wow” factor. According to the Magda Butrym About page, Magda also places importance on women’s empowerment, stating that she doesn’t want to define women, but to empower them: “I want us all to feel comfortable in our own skin, happy, powerful, and confident. We should all be our own muses”—Magda Butrym.
Pros
- Promote to high-end shoppers who appreciate designer fashion.
- Dual-natured designs help customers effortlessly balance minimalism with boldness.
- Appeal to the independent woman with the brand’s focus on female empowerment.
What audience this brand is for
- Sophisticated women who prioritize artisanal quality over mass-market trends.
Program details
- Product type: Women’s wear
- Commission rate: 10%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
3. Margovil
Founded in Shanghai in 2019, Margovil pledges to dissect every part of its business processes to minimize environmental impact and promote sustainably made clothing. This ethos is even applied in the materials they use: sustainable linen derived from the flax plant and organic, non-genetically modified cotton are just two of the many eco-friendly fabrics they use. With its design motto being “the trends you keep”, the brand is committed to creating looks that are on trend, but also last. The brand has a unique approach to manufacturing: instead of designing collections 6-12 months in advance, it creates styles that work for day-to-night dressing that have a season-less appeal.
Pros
- Appeal to eco-conscious shoppers with its sustainable fabrics and production practices.
- Its season-less approach to fashion is likely to draw in a wide range of consumers.
- The brand is a direct-to-consumer company—it provides quality without the normal retail markup.
What audience this brand is for
- Eco-conscious female shoppers who love minimalism and practicality in their style.
Program details
- Product type: Sustainable, season-less womenswear
- Commission rate: 15%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
Eyewear fashion affiliate programs offering up to 25%
Eyewear is one of the fastest-growing fashion accessory categories—and one where audience fit matters more than anywhere else. A tech-focused gaming audience and a lifestyle fashion audience both wear glasses, but they won’t convert on the same program
4. CTG Eyewear by Keralink
CTG Eyewear by Keralink has an initiative called Sight For Sight that donates 100% of its profits to its parent nonprofit, KeraLink International. The initiative is a global mission to help prevent and cure corneal blindness. The online eyewear shop also offers an exclusive, branded range called CTG Luxury Brand, featuring sophisticated lenses that are both comfortable and timeless in design. A standout is the Computer Progressive Lense—a line-free lens designed for desk work, with an expanded intermediate and near-vision “sweet spot” that eliminates uncomfortable neck strain and head-tilting caused by standard lenses. CTG by Keralink also offers High-Index Lenses—ultra-thin, lightweight lenses designed to bend light efficiently, and eliminate the heavy, “bug-eyed” look associated with strong, high-correction prescriptions.
Pros
- Reach fashion-conscious eyeglass wearers with the ultra-thin High-Index Lenses and “Try on Virtually” feature.
- Target audiences passionate about helping the global community.
- Appeal to desk workers with the unique Computer Progressive Lens.
What audience this brand is for
- Tech-savvy and value-conscious fashionistas who care about helping the global community.
Program details
- Product type: Standard eyewear
- Commission rate: 25% online sale
- Cookie duration: 30 days
5. Zenni Optical (Creator-only program)
US-based Zenni Optical lets you choose from thousands of affordable frames, such as classic tortoiseshell aviators to bold, colorful geometric shapes that aren’t available in standard optical shops. They provide high-quality eyewear at an affordable price—the lowest-priced spectacles are $6.95. The virtual try-on feature makes it fun and easy to find the best glasses by just snapping a selfie. Zenni is also deeply involved in helping communities by offering free vision screenings and glasses to those in need. Some standout technologies include the Blokz® proprietary blue-light-blocking lenses for digital screen protection, the Transitions® light-intelligent lenses that automatically adapt to UV exposure, and the Meta Quest 3 Custom VR Lenses with precision prescription inserts built for seamless virtual reality experiences.
Pros
- The range of styles (high and low-end) makes it easy to target a wide range of consumers.
- The tech-forward range allows you to monetize across multiple niches, such as fashion, gaming, tech, and fitness.
- Exclusive collections and official partnerships—ranging from major sports franchises like the Chicago Bulls and top eSports teams let you tap into sports fanbases.
What audience this brand is for
- Tech-savvy or budget-conscious eyeglass or sunglass wearers and parents of children who wear glasses.
Program details
- Product type: Active and standard eyewear
- Commission rate: 20%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
6. ROKA
The US eyewear brand ROKA has a curated line of ultra-lightweight glasses, such as classic aviators for everyday wear to advanced athletic shields built to survive an Ironman triathlon. World-renowned ambassadors like Olympic gold medalist Flora Duffy rigorously test frames.
That social proof is a conversion asset for creators and publishers—audiences trust gear that world-class athletes use in competition.
Core features include GEKO™ Fit—a patented, no-slip elastomer technology on the nose and temple pads, and C3™ Lenses—premium optics featuring advanced anti-scratch, anti-fog, and anti-reflective coatings. The range also includes Ultralight Construction, a durable titanium and nylon frame that often weighs less than an ounce.
Pros
- Unique tech provides creators with action-oriented content that translates into engaging product test videos.
- Appeal to both style-conscious fashion consumers and serious fitness enthusiasts.
- The “Home Try-On” program and a “Find Your Fit” tool help reduce buyer friction and increase conversion rates.
What audience this brand is for
- Athletes who need quality eyewear for protection.
Program details
- Product type: Active and standard eyewear
- Commission rate: 15% for creator program and 5% for performance program
- Cookie duration: 30 days
Best affiliate programs in fashion: Bags and accessories brands offering up to 20%
From rugged urban utility to sleek executive travel, the bags and accessories category allows you to tap into high-utility items that consumers view as long-term investments. These brands offer opportunities to earn through high-engagement content like “travel pack-with-me” videos and daily commute styling. Use this category to prove that you value your audience over a quick payout by recommending reliable accessories that genuinely support their daily routines.
7. Topologie Limited
With roots in France and Japan, this bag shop is aimed at adventurous spirits on the go. The stylish range of climbing-inspired accessories includes sleek phone pouches and modular urban bags. Every piece merges the functional durability of authentic climbing gear with modern city aesthetics. The range transforms practical bags into a customizable fashion statement.
The Topologie Wares System™ includes over 100 interchangeable straps inspired by professional climbing ropes and cords. There’s also a modular connection system that allows you to swap straps between phone cases and bags in seconds. Over 1,000 unique combinations give you the power to co-design a bag that’s your own. The range also includes bag accessories to elevate your look.
Pros
- Fashion-forward phone straps and crossbody bags align with the viral trend of hands-free tech carry.
- The highly customizable range is great for highly engaging “Get Ready With Me” styling content.
- Cross-compatible straps, cases, and bags help drive higher lifetime value by encouraging followers to build and expand their collections.
What audience this brand is for
- Active consumers looking for practical and stylish bags.
Program details
- Product type: Bags and accessories
- Commission rate: 20%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
8. Wolff Studios
Wolff Studios is an Australian brand that crafts premium, eco-certified leather bags and travel accessories designed for women on the go. The bags are sleek and functionally minimalistic. Its high-utility Rio Passport Holder secures two passports, three cards, and a boarding pass within its buttery-soft leather. The Rio Passport Holder also includes a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) blocker to protect all your personal details. Products are made to last, actively rejecting the disposable fast-fashion cycle.
Pros
- The sleek travel gear fits organically into popular social trends like “What’s in my bag” and “Airport aesthetic” vlogs.
- Target eco-conscious consumers looking for premium travel bags.
- RFID-blocking security is a good safety selling point for frequent-flying women
What audience this brand is for
- Women frequent travelers looking for bags that promote safety.
Program details
- Product type: Travel bags and accessories
- Commission rate: 15%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
Shoe brand fashion affiliate programs offering up to 15%
The brands in this category prioritize both style and comfort. If a shoe looks great but causes blisters, your audience will remember who told them to buy it. Working with footwear outlets that deliver on long-lasting comfort, durability, and style shows that you care about your audience’s fashion sense and well-being. Brand and audience alignment in this category will build trust, ultimately leading to higher conversions.
9. Birdies
Female-owned, California-based brand Birdies pioneered an entirely new category of women’s footwear. It created stylish flats that secretly double as ultra-supportive house slippers. The brand packs soles with its proprietary 7-layer comfort technology that combines memory foam, shock-absorbing high-density cushioning, and built-in arch support. This “wear-everywhere” luxury is famously backed by validation from longtime fan Meghan Markle, whose early endorsement of their classic Starling loafer once triggered a massive 30,000-person waiting list.
Pros
- The 30-day “No Questions Asked” return policy is attractive for consumers.
- The “indoor-to-outdoor” versatility of the shoes allows promotion across different lifestyles, such as work-from-home essentials to comfortable airport fits.
- Resonates with consumers who want to support responsible, women-led businesses.
What audience this brand is for
- Women looking for comfortable and stylish footwear.
Program details
- Product type: Women’s footwear
- Commission rate: 10–15%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
10. Mephisto USA
Rejecting the “throwaway” culture of fast fashion, Mephisto USA has spent over 50 years perfecting European-crafted footwear designed to last a lifetime investment. Each pair integrates their patented Soft-Air Technology, a unique midsole system that significantly reduces impact to joints and spine with every step. Mephisto offers a specialized refurbishment service that lets customers resole and restore their worn favorites to near-new condition rather than replace them. The footwear combines biomechanics and old-world craftsmanship that ensures your feet stay happy through every decade of wear. The brand also received high praise from GQ, Forbes, and the Wall Street Journal (WSJ).
Pros
- Market to a wider, family-oriented audience beyond just typical adult fashion consumers.
- Many styles feature removable footbeds for wearers to swap in custom orthotics.
- Incredible craftsmanship—as of 2026, on average, there are 160–220 manufacturing steps for every pair of shoes produced.
What audience this brand is for
- Women, men, and their kids, looking for comfortable and stylish footwear.
Program details
- Product type: Women, men, and kids footwear
- Commission rate: 10%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
Best jewelry fashion affiliate programs offering up to 20%
The jewelry sector is great for publishers who can showcase the high-brilliance “sparkle factor” of premium, ethical craftsmanship through video content. These programs allow you to monetize everything from bridal moments to the growing trend of everyday “quiet luxury.” Some consumers care deeply about where their luxury comes from, so it’s necessary to create content that appeals to this need. When you promote brands that are committed to using conflict-free stones and sustainable materials, you prove that your integrity is more important than making a sale.
11. Jewelhalo
With branches in Hong Kong and the US, fine jewelry brand Jewelhalo provides stunning, handcrafted pieces without the traditional retail markup or ethical compromises. Every shimmering stone is conflict-free, transforming high-end luxury into an accessible daily staple.
The retailer includes Moissanite gemstones in some of their pieces—lab-grown stones with a higher refractive index and “fire” than diamonds. The brand also specializes in unique engagement and wedding pieces.
Pros
- The stunning Moissanite stones translate perfectly into high-engagement video content, like “sparkle checks” and unboxing reels.
- The combination of luxury aesthetics and affordable price points makes it an easy sell.
- Conflict-free, lab-grown stones appeal to eco-conscious shoppers.
What audience this brand is for
- Future brides or women who want high-end jewelry.
Program details
- Product type: Women’s jewelry
- Commission rate: 20%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
12. Bonheur Jewelry
Inspired by a beloved grandmother’s vintage collection, New York brand Bonheur Jewelry reimagines modern heirlooms by proving that red-carpet glamour doesn’t require compromising ethics. The pieces are meticulously crafted with 100% sustainable brass dipped in thick, durable layers of 18-karat gold, rose gold, or rhodium. Every design is elevated with ethically sourced, conflict-free Swarovski crystals. You get to pass down a glamorous piece of eco-friendly artistry rather than just another disposable trend. Celebrities like Cindy Crawford, Zoe Saldana, and Priyanka Chopra have been seen wearing these timeless pieces.
Pros
- High publicity opportunities—the brand has been featured in various ads, including Revlon and Estée Lauder.
- Ideal for customers with sensitive skin since all jewelry is strictly nickel-free and lead-free.
- Appeal to high-end shoppers who care about ethically sourced materials.
What audience this brand is for
- Luxury shoppers looking for vintage jewelry.
Program details
- Product type: Women’s vintage jewelry
- Commission rate: 20%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
Sports and athletic wear fashion affiliate programs offering up to 18%
Activewear is a category where performance is just as important as aesthetics. When your audience buys a pair of leggings or a sports bra based on your recommendation, they expect it to hold up through their toughest workouts. Since consumers immediately put these products to the test, you need to use them for an extended period to ensure quality and audience fit—this step is more important than promoting brands with high commission rates.
13. Fabletics
Fabletics is a global activewear and lifestyle brand built on the belief that high-quality, fashion-forward performance apparel should be accessible to everyone. With a portfolio of stylish women’s and men’s clothing spanning activewear, lifestyle, denim and scrubs, the brand delivers premium fit, function and style without the premium price tag. Spanning over 120 global stores and partnerships with the world’s biggest names—including Khloé Kardashian, Kevin Hart, and Keke Palmer—it continues to build momentum as a category-leading brand that affiliates can authentically and proudly share with their communities.”
Pros
- The “2 for $24 leggings” introductory offer for new VIP members is a great selling point.
- Tap into the “body-positive” narrative with sizes ranging from XXS to 6X.
- The monthly membership model creates a recurring “shopping event” every month, driving repeat purchases.
What audience this brand is for
- Fitness enthusiasts looking for comfortable and on-trend active wear.
Program details
- Product type: Active wear
- Commission rate: 17% on the first transaction of a new VIP
- Cookie duration: 15 days
14. Baleaf
Chinese brand Baleaf designs multifunctional activewear that transitions between outdoor sports and daily workouts. Engineered with durable, quick-dry fabrics, every piece features advanced body-mapping, multi-directional stretch, and built-in UV protection for comfortable movement. From specialized padded cycling gear and winter-ready thermal running tights, the brand delivers premium-quality athletic apparel at accessible price points. Some standout features include flatlock stitching and secure zip pockets. The brand also places a high importance on sustainability with its official Global Recycled Standard (GRS) certification.
Pros
- Specialized gear for everything from cycling to hiking lets creators monetize multiple outdoor niches at once.
- Official GRS certification appeals to eco-conscious shoppers.
- Premium-quality gear at mid-market prices, bypassing the typical luxury brand markup.
What audience this brand is for
- Fitness enthusiasts looking for practical active wear.
Program details
- Product type: Active wear
- Commission rate: 15–18%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
15. WISKII
Global retailer WISKII is a premium women’s activewear brand that blends elevated design with modern femininity. Designed for women who value confidence, elegance, and versatility, WISKII creates refined activewear that moves effortlessly from workouts to everyday life. Each piece is thoughtfully crafted with ultra-soft textiles from industry leaders like LYCRA and NILIT. Celebrities like Hailey Bieber, Taylor Swift, and Pamela Reif are frequently seen wearing its pieces. The retailer has also been featured in Vogue, Forbes, ELLE, Marie Claire, Who What Wear, and Cosmopolitan.
Pros
- Premium luxury pricing ensures a larger commission per successful referral.
- Unique “Sportsglam” designs are tailor-made for eye-catching content.
- Street-to-gym versatility lets you reach both fitness and lifestyle audiences.
What audience this brand is for
- Fitness enthusiasts looking for glam active wear.
Program details
- Product type: Glam active wear
- Commission rate: 15%
- Cookie duration: 30 days
The future of fashion affiliate programs: publishers have gone from broadcaster to trusted curator
The “Customer referral marketing research: A consumer perspective report” by impact.com shows that 86% of consumers find recommendations and reviews important in their purchase
decisions. Consumers are far more discerning and ad-fatigued, making the “hard sell” less effective. For fashion publishers, the implication is clear: your platform is no longer just a promotional vehicle—it’s a highly influential digital storefront.
Long-term profitability comes from creating authentic content that aligns with your values and protects your editorial integrity. By rejecting misaligned brands and embracing a curator-led approach, you end up partnering with labels that genuinely serve your audience’s lifestyle.
Choosing the best fashion affiliate programs does more than generate clicks—it builds a track record of taste and judgment that brands actively seek out and pay to access.
FAQs
The highest-paying fashion affiliate programs are CTG Eyewear by Keralink (25% commission) and Baleaf (15–22% commission). Zenni Optical, Topologie Limited, Jewelhalo, and Bonheur Jewelry are a close second with 20% commission. Although the best fashion affiliate programs for your audience aren’t necessarily the ones with the highest commission rate, it’s still beneficial to find programs that offer both a lucrative commission and a great audience fit.
The best affiliate programs for fashion product publishers aren’t the ones with the highest commission rates, but the ones that align best with audience needs and interests. If your audience doesn’t connect with a brand, promoting that brand won’t drive revenue—no matter how high the commission rate. According to impact.com’s “Global State of Affiliate Marketing report 2025” report, most brands (34%) aligning programs with broader business goals is the most important skill for affiliate marketers—audience alignment drives stronger long-term conversions than commission rate alone. AlphaStyle, Magda Butrym, and Margovil target broad audiences looking for general fashion. Jewelry brands Jewelhalo and Bonheur Jewelry appeal to high-end audiences, and Fabletics and WISKII are aimed at active consumers.
You can earn money from a fashion blog by partnering with fashion brands to earn affiliate commissions. Become a trusted curator rather than just a link-sharer to maximize your revenue.
Strategically partner with brands that align with your audience’s aesthetic and values, prioritizing audience resonance over the highest commission rates. Additionally, understand how cookie durations impact your earnings, test products yourself to maintain credibility, and use proven traffic and engagement data to negotiate higher rates.